Anthrax Might Have Spread To South And North – NCDC Alerts | 20 Things To Know About The Deadly Disease

Hours after the announcement of the first case of anthrax in Nigeria, the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control has expressed fear of the disease spreading to other parts of the country before detection.

NCDC’s Executive Director, Ifedayo Adetifa, who sat for an interview on Channels Television on Tuesday, July 18, confirmed that the Office of the Chief Veterinary Officer in the Ministry of Agriculture was notified of animals manifesting symptoms of a suspected case of anthrax in a farm in Suleja, Niger State.

Adetifa also disclosed that the disease was brought to Nigeria from neighbouring countries. He said;

“The case was in a multi-specie animal farm comprising of cattle, sheep and goats located at Gajiri, along Abuja-Kaduna expressway Suleja Local Government Area, Niger State, where some of the animals had symptoms including oozing of blood from their body openings – anus, nose, eyes, and ears.

“Earlier there were significant movements of animals in the area of the last religious feast. The areas are called down south, and it’s possible that in that region where animals are infected may have made their way into the country.

“Most especially for animals that were brought in across the borders. So, in this context, this is the first animal we have diagnosed its condition with, so there may be other animals with it.

“It is also possible that the disease is currently across the country, and likely other cases that are yet to be notified. But we can only react to what we know.”

Adetifa warned that animals around the reported farm and beyond that are sick should be reported to human and animal Health authority while the slaughtered and dead ones with clotted blood after being killed should be disposed of or notified immediately.

Signs of anthrax-infected animals include oozing of blood from their body openings – (anus, nose, eyes, and ears), and high fever; In many cases, the sign is not visible and they die suddenly.

Below are some important things to know about the disease that affects both humans and animals:

1. Anthrax is a severe disease caused by the bacteria – Bacillus anthracis. It can affect both humans and animals, including wild animals and livestock such as cows, pigs, camels, sheep, goats, etc. The bacteria, which exist as spores, can be found in the soil, wool, or hair of infected animals.

2. Anthrax spores are resistant to extreme conditions and can survive in the soil or environment for decades, making controlling or eradicating the disease very difficult. The spores are brought to the surface by wet weather, by deep digging, or when eaten by livestock or wild animals when they graze.

3. Anthrax affects humans through skin infection (Direct contact with infected animals through wounds or cuts); gastrointestinal (Through eating raw or undercooked meat of infected animals or their products including milk); and inhalation (breathing in the spores).

4. In animals, anthrax can cause symptoms such as high fever, weakness, loss of appetite, bleeding from all body openings (nose, mouth, ears, anus, etc.), swelling and difficulty in breathing, and bloody diarrhoea. It can lead to sudden death in most cases. The blood of an animal with anthrax does not clot on slaughter. Also, at slaughter, marked bloating and quick decay are observed.

5. In humans, depending on the type and route of infection, anthrax can cause fever, painless skin sores with a black centre that appears after the blisters, general body weakness, and difficulty in breathing. It can also cause severe digestive illness that resembles food poisoning.

6. Veterinarians, veterinary laboratory workers, farmers, abattoir workers, butchers, cattle rearers, livestock producers and traders, wildlife handlers, hunters, park rangers, processors, importers, and exporters of hide and skin, animal health workers are at risk of contracting anthrax.

7. People who consume animals (cattle, sheep, and goats) that were found dead, healthcare workers, diagnostic laboratory workers, and caregivers who are exposed to patients or their biological specimens are also at risk of contracting anthrax.

8. Law enforcement officers (Police, Military, Immigration, Customs, Point of Entry Personnel) and anyone travelling to a location with a confirmed anthrax case within and outside Nigeria are at risk of contracting anthrax.

9. Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure against anthrax in livestock.

10. Ensure a clean and safe water supply for livestock and avoid using water from stagnant sources.

11. Practice biosecurity measures, such as controlling access to the farm, restricting the movement of animals, and disinfecting vehicles and equipment entering and leaving the premises.

12. Sick animals should be isolated and strict quarantine measures implemented to prevent the spread of anthrax to other animals or humans.

13. Exercise caution when buying cows, camels, sheep, goats, and other livestock from Nigerian states bordering Benin, Chad, and Niger, and from Ghana and Togo via waterways.

14. Do not slaughter animals (cattle, sheep, and goats) at home, rather make use of abattoirs or slaughter slabs.

15. Avoid contact with meat/bush meat or animal by-products such as skin, hides (ponmo), and milk of a sick or dead animal.

16. Do not slaughter sick animals. Slaughtering the sick animal can cause significant exposure with the risk of inhalation of the bacteria by humans around at the time.

17. Do not eat products from sick or dead animals.

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18. Carefully observe livestock to be slaughtered for consumption or sale for signs of ill health before slaughter.

19. If you suspect that you or an animal may have been exposed to anthrax, quickly seek immediate medical care or call the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development’s hotline at +234 811 097 2378 or the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention’s hotline at 6232.

20. Doctors have several options for treating patients with anthrax, including antibiotics and antitoxins. Patients with serious cases of anthrax need to be hospitalised. They may require aggressive treatment, such as continuous fluid drainage and help breathing through mechanical ventilation.

Source: The PUNCH